The Gospels are true?
Thursday, January 20, 2011
Danby Wine Cooler Blog
In 2010 Catholics than Protestants in the United States
The new World Atlas of Christianity provided interesting data on the percentage of Christians in countries like the United States http://www.religionenlibertad.com/articulo.asp?idarticulo=13304 , traditionally considered to be Protestant majority. "The Catherine of Siena Institute" shows that while the early and mid twentieth century the United States of America erano interamente protestanti, alla fine del ventesimo secolo e il quadro era diverso: il cattolicesimo stava crescendo ed è oggi la religione con il maggior numero di seguaci. Nel 1910 la situazione era questa: 65% protestante, il 22% cattolica, il 10% di indipendenti cristiani, 4% anglicani, ortodossi 1% e l'1% altri. Nel 2010 è completamente diverso: il 25% protestante, il 35% cattolico, 31% indipendenti, 1% anglicani, 3% ortodossi e 5% altri. Questi dati confermano che, dopo Brasile, Messico e Filippine, gli Stati Uniti sono lo Stato con il maggior numero di cattolici nel mondo. 
In 2010 Catholics than Protestants in the United States
published by Anti UAAR on Thursday, January 20, 2011 at 17:03
The new World Atlas of Christianity provided interesting data on the percentage of Christians in countries like the United States http://www.religionenlibertad.com/articulo.asp?idarticulo=13304 , traditionally considered to be Protestant majority. "The Catherine of Siena Institute" shows that while the early and mid twentieth century the United States of America erano interamente protestanti, alla fine del ventesimo secolo e il quadro era diverso: il cattolicesimo stava crescendo ed è oggi la religione con il maggior numero di seguaci. Nel 1910 la situazione era questa: 65% protestante, il 22% cattolica, il 10% di indipendenti cristiani, 4% anglicani, ortodossi 1% e l'1% altri. Nel 2010 è completamente diverso: il 25% protestante, il 35% cattolico, 31% indipendenti, 1% anglicani, 3% ortodossi e 5% altri. Questi dati confermano che, dopo Brasile, Messico e Filippine, gli Stati Uniti sono lo Stato con il maggior numero di cattolici nel mondo. How To Get Lost Grant Deeds
Ruby-gate, the persecution of pm In six months 100 thousand interceptions
Roma - Almeno 100mila telefonate intercettate, 600 al giorno per sei mesi. A tanto ammonta lo "spiegamento di forze" dei magistrati di Milano per il Ruby-gate. Sono almeno 100mila le telefonate e gli sms intercettati dalla procura di Milano in meno di 6 mesi, tra giugno e dicembre 2010, nell’inchiesta sul caso Ruby: la media è di circa 600 intercettazioni al giorno. È quanto ha calcolato il settimanale Panorama in un articolo che sarà publicato sul numero in edicola da domani.
La conta Il calcolo si ricava alla somma dei numeri progressivi delle telefonate e degli sms intercettati alla trentina di soggetti che risultano sotto controllo nelle 389 pagine dell’invito a comparire inviato il 14 gennaio dalla procura di Milano a Silvio Berlusconi. Ma poiché the plays certainly also focused on other subjects, the total number of interceptions is followed certainly higher. The men of the Central Operations Service police record, to name a few, almost 27 thousand interceptions for Lele Mora, agent of the stars; 14,500 for Nicole Minetti, regional director of the PDL, a thousand abundant to Emilio Fede, director of TG4, and 6400 for the same Ruby, Karima El Mahroug. In his papers, prosecutors also gives an account of 28 interviews, and seizures, and investigations banking and postal services, even translation from English. He also knew some of stalking. The operation ended with Ruby has ordered the 14 searches dawn on January 14, involving at least 150 agents between crews and flying staff in the office.
lawyers and the competence of Prime Minister Berlusconi's lawyers, lawyers Piero Longo and Niccolo Ghedini, tomorrow will send pm to dealing with the Ruby case, a note explaining that the prosecutor in Milan has no jurisdiction to investigate on each other. It is now clear the intention of the prime minister, accused of child prostitution and extortion, did not want to respond to the invitation to appear on the dates of 22 judges, 23 and 24 January. Defenders of Berlusconi establish their defensive strategy after the junta's permission for Chamber has delivered on the authorization to search Joseph Spinelli, the chief accountant of the government who opposed the entrance of the police of his office declaring them "political relevance".
Golf Balls To Masterbate
If Ruby is worth more than Yara Giuseppe Del Giudice
Giuseppe Del Giudice
_________________________________________
The "Ruby case" shows the poverty in which the system has degenerated to the media and judiciary affects the country almost twenty years. It's hypocrisy whoever without authority to censor another's morality stands. Especially when in game there are Security and Justice.
_________________________________________
We have lined up the "Case Ruby" and "Case Yara" . What does, someone will say. Got to do and how, and not just because we are talking about two minors. got to do because they are both a mirror of the media and the judicial circuit of which the country is a victim for over twenty years. The crime now occupied, rightly or wrongly, the schedules television any time of day and even the pages of major newspapers.
There is a part of the country that withdraws from the morbidity of the special crime of Avetrana or disappearance of Brembo. 's just one way that the "Regime" use not to mention the real problems of the country , the usual thunder beautiful souls and progressive. Maybe. But what they do the great exponents of information lit by a couple of years now? of skirts and petticoats of the specific, real or imagined, of the Premier. These are who are the real problems of the country. Romulus, My Rai3 , Republic or Ballarò . What do they talk Unit , Annozero , Il Secolo or Featured ? The coup in Tunisia, of the Mirafiori, gasoline prices or the economic crisis, someone will think. Indeed.
are editorial choices. Each operator of the Media has the right to choose the topic to be covered. There are the ' audience, sponsors, sales to control. Every viewer and reader chooses to read and listen to whatever you deem appropriate. De Gregorio, the Perina, the Berlinguer, passing by various Floris and Labor has always denounced the "regime media " who does not speak of the real problems of the people, while two years of talking crap. Their professionalism is all about.
But honestly this is not the worrying thing. The same appearance as seen from the viewpoint of the prosecution is even, in our view, scandalous . discover that fact for over a month are committed to the search for missing girl in Brembate few agents, the City Traffic Police and Civil Defence volunteers plus a few ordinary citizens. He called some fireman and a pair of dogs to follow a few track and do some inspection. It took weeks to get a few tracks of a few cellulari.
Nello stesso tempo un esercito di quasi mille tra Magistrati, Poliziotti e Carabinieri era impegnato a pedinare, intercettare e spiare una presunta amante del Premier. Migliaia le intercettazioni telefoniche. Centinaia le persone coinvolte nell’inchiesta.
Tutto ciò si chiama “Obbligatorietà dell’azione penale” oppure anche “Indipendenza della Magistratura” . Insomma, la Legge è Uguale per Tutti, dicono loro. Le alte cariche dello Stato si dichiarano turbate. Beh, lo siamo anche noi, perchè se per degli avvenimenti che turbano l’opinione pubblica si possono schierare uomini e mezzi not depending on the seriousness of, but depending on the identity of those involved , and especially at the discretion of the Magistrate on duty , there is something wrong. It is not the only example. If there were more men and means that besieged Arcore chasing prurient fantasies of erotic and political Milan prosecutor's office, compared to those who were used to capture the boss of the Camorra, someone will explain why.
In one of the titles of its most shameful history Unit asked to be attentive to their children. We agree. Starting from a minor but scomparsa nel nulla, magari. 
If Ruby is worth more than Yara ...
Giuseppe Del Giudice
_________________________________________
The "Ruby case" shows the poverty in which the system has degenerated to the media and judiciary affects the country almost twenty years. It's hypocrisy whoever without authority to censor another's morality stands. Especially when in game there are Security and Justice.
_________________________________________
We have lined up the "Case Ruby" and "Case Yara" . What does, someone will say. Got to do and how, and not just because we are talking about two minors. got to do because they are both a mirror of the media and the judicial circuit of which the country is a victim for over twenty years. The crime now occupied, rightly or wrongly, the schedules television any time of day and even the pages of major newspapers.
There is a part of the country that withdraws from the morbidity of the special crime of Avetrana or disappearance of Brembo. 's just one way that the "Regime" use not to mention the real problems of the country , the usual thunder beautiful souls and progressive. Maybe. But what they do the great exponents of information lit by a couple of years now? of skirts and petticoats of the specific, real or imagined, of the Premier. These are who are the real problems of the country. Romulus, My Rai3 , Republic or Ballarò . What do they talk Unit , Annozero , Il Secolo or Featured ? The coup in Tunisia, of the Mirafiori, gasoline prices or the economic crisis, someone will think. Indeed.
are editorial choices. Each operator of the Media has the right to choose the topic to be covered. There are the ' audience, sponsors, sales to control. Every viewer and reader chooses to read and listen to whatever you deem appropriate. De Gregorio, the Perina, the Berlinguer, passing by various Floris and Labor has always denounced the "regime media " who does not speak of the real problems of the people, while two years of talking crap. Their professionalism is all about.
But honestly this is not the worrying thing. The same appearance as seen from the viewpoint of the prosecution is even, in our view, scandalous . discover that fact for over a month are committed to the search for missing girl in Brembate few agents, the City Traffic Police and Civil Defence volunteers plus a few ordinary citizens. He called some fireman and a pair of dogs to follow a few track and do some inspection. It took weeks to get a few tracks of a few cellulari.
Nello stesso tempo un esercito di quasi mille tra Magistrati, Poliziotti e Carabinieri era impegnato a pedinare, intercettare e spiare una presunta amante del Premier. Migliaia le intercettazioni telefoniche. Centinaia le persone coinvolte nell’inchiesta.
Tutto ciò si chiama “Obbligatorietà dell’azione penale” oppure anche “Indipendenza della Magistratura” . Insomma, la Legge è Uguale per Tutti, dicono loro. Le alte cariche dello Stato si dichiarano turbate. Beh, lo siamo anche noi, perchè se per degli avvenimenti che turbano l’opinione pubblica si possono schierare uomini e mezzi not depending on the seriousness of, but depending on the identity of those involved , and especially at the discretion of the Magistrate on duty , there is something wrong. It is not the only example. If there were more men and means that besieged Arcore chasing prurient fantasies of erotic and political Milan prosecutor's office, compared to those who were used to capture the boss of the Camorra, someone will explain why.
In one of the titles of its most shameful history Unit asked to be attentive to their children. We agree. Starting from a minor but scomparsa nel nulla, magari.
Used Bourban Oak Barrels For Sale
Caporetto for the opposition.
Altra Caporetto per le Opposizioni!
Alla Camera il 14 dicembre avevano perso per 3 voti, ieri, in pieno sex-gate, hanno riperso ma con 20 voti di scarto.
Li stanno abbandonando gli stessi seguaci, hanno capito di che pasta sono fatti? meglio tardi che mai!
Mentre il Presidente della Camera manifestava ulteriormente la sua terzietà esibendosi in velenosi commenti ai microfoni delle TV di Stato, infierendo sul Premier, invitandolo a dimettersi per lo scandalo ed il danno all'immagine all'estero, a dispetto di tutto, altra batosta per lor golpisti! I
Il Governo tiene, aumenta i consensi, Berlusconi vede crescere la fiducia della gente in him .. but this does not lead to milder counsels of the band or band failed coup!
Despite the help of judges and the river of mud with which they thought of burying the Premier not have made it this time either.
Fini then should refrain, not so much not only of respect for the chair on which she sits, but because it credits a Lady as his partner, former Gaucci, should have the decency to fly on this women!
The excellent report of the Keeper, Angelino Alfano, has found general approval. Berlusconi has managed to surround himself with young men and foreground, Alfano is one of the best of the PDL and the government. We trust in him for a true Reformation of Justice, as urgent need, the city wants to see punished those who make mistakes, especially if it hurts a whole nation, as is happening these days in Orlando
Sveva
from time today, Paul Zappitelli
The majority holds and moves on. In the darkest days for the image of Berlusconi, Justice Minister Angelino Alfano has occurred in the hall for the annual report on the administration of justice and has earned the support of both the House and the Senate. And if at Palazzo Madama examination was not particularly difficult, given that the center has the numbers to govern fairly easily, is not the case at hand Montecitorio where the situation is always on the cutting edge. But yesterday came the classroom as an important signal for the government: Angelino Alfano, the report was approved by 20 votes to scrap. The "abacus" was stopped at 305 for the center, the votes against were 285, only one deputy abstained. And the two opposition deputies Mp Aurelio Misiti and Ferdinando Latteri did not vote following the instructions of his own party. It means that even on a sensitive issue, delicate as that of justice, especially in a time like this, Berlusconi can count on a solid majority. Guaranteed not only by the new group responsible initiative that was formed yesterday, but also some members of the opposition, which in turn can siding with the center. Or can "strategically" to be absent in the classroom for the vote to drop the executive. In order to raise the bar of a majority of three votes on much of its advantage afforded Members of the new group that yesterday was officially formed. Of the twenty
provided part Giampero Cato, former PDL then moved in and finally landed at the Fli Mixed, but not of Anthony Gaglione "We South" who asked a few more days to decide. The team leader for the time being will be Luciano Sardelli, who was also of "We the South" but - feel Silvano Moffa - is a safe choice in the coming days we will organize better, we will the votes to elect all the positions. " The contribution of the new group will be crucial to counterbalance the weight of the majority in some committees (Work, Budget, Constitutional Affairs) where the birth and the Future of Freedom has changed the balance. But Initiative Manager will also have somewhere in the government, because the seats are to be distributed at least a dozen.
And the "reshuffle" will also be fast enough in order to give new impetus to the government. The chapter is open to enlargement. Elio Belcher is confident - "we are short-winds but we can also arrive at 23, 24 '- while Silvano Moffa is more cautious:" We'll see over time, ours is a work in progress. " Certainly the situation incandescent investigation of Milan does not play for the possible 'migration' by opposition to the majority. But if the center-right in the classroom will prove to 'hold' good for the vote some other member could be encouraged to land managers in
Alla Camera il 14 dicembre avevano perso per 3 voti, ieri, in pieno sex-gate, hanno riperso ma con 20 voti di scarto.
Li stanno abbandonando gli stessi seguaci, hanno capito di che pasta sono fatti? meglio tardi che mai!
Mentre il Presidente della Camera manifestava ulteriormente la sua terzietà esibendosi in velenosi commenti ai microfoni delle TV di Stato, infierendo sul Premier, invitandolo a dimettersi per lo scandalo ed il danno all'immagine all'estero, a dispetto di tutto, altra batosta per lor golpisti! I
Il Governo tiene, aumenta i consensi, Berlusconi vede crescere la fiducia della gente in him .. but this does not lead to milder counsels of the band or band failed coup!
Despite the help of judges and the river of mud with which they thought of burying the Premier not have made it this time either.
Fini then should refrain, not so much not only of respect for the chair on which she sits, but because it credits a Lady as his partner, former Gaucci, should have the decency to fly on this women!
The excellent report of the Keeper, Angelino Alfano, has found general approval. Berlusconi has managed to surround himself with young men and foreground, Alfano is one of the best of the PDL and the government. We trust in him for a true Reformation of Justice, as urgent need, the city wants to see punished those who make mistakes, especially if it hurts a whole nation, as is happening these days in Orlando
Sveva
from time today, Paul Zappitelli
The majority holds and moves on. In the darkest days for the image of Berlusconi, Justice Minister Angelino Alfano has occurred in the hall for the annual report on the administration of justice and has earned the support of both the House and the Senate. And if at Palazzo Madama examination was not particularly difficult, given that the center has the numbers to govern fairly easily, is not the case at hand Montecitorio where the situation is always on the cutting edge. But yesterday came the classroom as an important signal for the government: Angelino Alfano, the report was approved by 20 votes to scrap. The "abacus" was stopped at 305 for the center, the votes against were 285, only one deputy abstained. And the two opposition deputies Mp Aurelio Misiti and Ferdinando Latteri did not vote following the instructions of his own party. It means that even on a sensitive issue, delicate as that of justice, especially in a time like this, Berlusconi can count on a solid majority. Guaranteed not only by the new group responsible initiative that was formed yesterday, but also some members of the opposition, which in turn can siding with the center. Or can "strategically" to be absent in the classroom for the vote to drop the executive. In order to raise the bar of a majority of three votes on much of its advantage afforded Members of the new group that yesterday was officially formed. Of the twenty
provided part Giampero Cato, former PDL then moved in and finally landed at the Fli Mixed, but not of Anthony Gaglione "We South" who asked a few more days to decide. The team leader for the time being will be Luciano Sardelli, who was also of "We the South" but - feel Silvano Moffa - is a safe choice in the coming days we will organize better, we will the votes to elect all the positions. " The contribution of the new group will be crucial to counterbalance the weight of the majority in some committees (Work, Budget, Constitutional Affairs) where the birth and the Future of Freedom has changed the balance. But Initiative Manager will also have somewhere in the government, because the seats are to be distributed at least a dozen.
And the "reshuffle" will also be fast enough in order to give new impetus to the government. The chapter is open to enlargement. Elio Belcher is confident - "we are short-winds but we can also arrive at 23, 24 '- while Silvano Moffa is more cautious:" We'll see over time, ours is a work in progress. " Certainly the situation incandescent investigation of Milan does not play for the possible 'migration' by opposition to the majority. But if the center-right in the classroom will prove to 'hold' good for the vote some other member could be encouraged to land managers in
Minister Alfano, universally esteemed, consistent and faithful to the Premier, has seen its report approved by a large majority yesterday, despite the turmoil of the opposition!
Saturday, January 8, 2011
Price Of The Morning After Pill In Ontario
Nicolas Zucchi (1586-1670)
Nicolas Zucchi Was Born in Parma, Italy on December 6, 1586 to an aristocratic family. One of eight children, he was raised to join the Church and studied rhetoric in Piacenza and theology in Parma at Jesuit colleges. He entered the Jesuit order in 1602 and remained in the order throughout his entire life. The early years of his career were spent teaching mathematics, rhetoric, and theology at Jesuit colleges in Rome and Ravenna. Later he served as the apostolic preacher, a dignitary office instated in 1555 that is often commonly referred to as “preacher to the pope.” He also was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome and appears to have received patronage from a number of different individuals, to some of whom he dedicated various scientific works.
Zucchi’s interest in astronomy was reportedly encouraged by Johannes Kepler, whom he met when he visited the court of Emperor Ferdinand II as part of a retinue on an emissary mission of the pope. The pair maintained correspondence with one another after Zucchi returned to Rome. However, Zucchi was apparently intrigued by astronomy long before he met Kepler, having designed one of, if not the, earliest reflecting telescope in 1616. Though the practicality of the primitive instrument was poor (his design did not provide a way to keep the head of the user from intercepting most of the rays which are needed to form the focal image), by many accounts he was able to use his reflecting telescope to discover the belts of Jupiter in 1630 and examine the spots on the planet Mars ten years later. Also, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Paul Guldin, Zucchi bestowed a reflecting telescope of his design to Kepler, who received it with such satisfaction that the dedication of his final book was to Guldin.
Zucchi described his reflecting telescope and his invention of it in the treatise Optica philosophia experimentalis et ratione a fundamentis constituta , which was published in the 1650s. The landmark work reportedly influenced James Gregory and Sir Isaac Newton, both of whom built improved reflecting telescopes in the 1660s. In addition to a discussion of the telescope, Zucchi’s treatise included a description of his work with phosphors, from which he correctly concluded that such substances do not store light, but rather produce it. His interest in science surpassed just optical concerns, however, and he published two separate works on mechanics and machines before he died on May 21, 1670. 
Nicolas Zucchi Was Born in Parma, Italy on December 6, 1586 to an aristocratic family. One of eight children, he was raised to join the Church and studied rhetoric in Piacenza and theology in Parma at Jesuit colleges. He entered the Jesuit order in 1602 and remained in the order throughout his entire life. The early years of his career were spent teaching mathematics, rhetoric, and theology at Jesuit colleges in Rome and Ravenna. Later he served as the apostolic preacher, a dignitary office instated in 1555 that is often commonly referred to as “preacher to the pope.” He also was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome and appears to have received patronage from a number of different individuals, to some of whom he dedicated various scientific works.
Zucchi’s interest in astronomy was reportedly encouraged by Johannes Kepler, whom he met when he visited the court of Emperor Ferdinand II as part of a retinue on an emissary mission of the pope. The pair maintained correspondence with one another after Zucchi returned to Rome. However, Zucchi was apparently intrigued by astronomy long before he met Kepler, having designed one of, if not the, earliest reflecting telescope in 1616. Though the practicality of the primitive instrument was poor (his design did not provide a way to keep the head of the user from intercepting most of the rays which are needed to form the focal image), by many accounts he was able to use his reflecting telescope to discover the belts of Jupiter in 1630 and examine the spots on the planet Mars ten years later. Also, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Paul Guldin, Zucchi bestowed a reflecting telescope of his design to Kepler, who received it with such satisfaction that the dedication of his final book was to Guldin.
Zucchi described his reflecting telescope and his invention of it in the treatise Optica philosophia experimentalis et ratione a fundamentis constituta , which was published in the 1650s. The landmark work reportedly influenced James Gregory and Sir Isaac Newton, both of whom built improved reflecting telescopes in the 1660s. In addition to a discussion of the telescope, Zucchi’s treatise included a description of his work with phosphors, from which he correctly concluded that such substances do not store light, but rather produce it. His interest in science surpassed just optical concerns, however, and he published two separate works on mechanics and machines before he died on May 21, 1670.
How To Write A Commnity Service Letter
Jesuits and the Sciences, 1720-1773
After a period of decline in the late seventeenth century, the first decades of the eighteenth century saw a renewed interest and vitality on the part of the Society in the area of scientific research. Spurred by the vigorous intellectual climate of the Enlightenment, scientific writings by members of the Society increase in number and begin to show a marked tendency away from traditional Aristotelian topics and the quasi-mystical theories of Kircher and his school, and toward the developing sciences of engineering, natural history and technology.
As Athanasius Kircher dominated seventeenth-century Jesuit science, Ruggiero Giusseppe Boscovich was pre-eminent among Jesuit scientists of the eighteenth century. But whereas Kircher's books are regarded today as primarily curiosities, the work of Boscovich in astronomy, optics, mathematics and engineering remains in high repute. Born in Ragusa, he was a professor of mathematics at several institutions, including the Roman College, where he planned the observatory. He suggested and directed the draining of the Pontine marshes near Rome, and recommended the use of iron bands to control the spread of cracks in the dome of St. Peter's basilica. He was instrumental in softening ecclesiastical hostility to the Copernican system, and helped popularize the theories of Newton.
Parere di tre mattematici sopra i danni, che si sono trovati nella Dome de S. Peter MDCCXLII the end of the year, on the orders of our Lord Pope Benedict XIV. (Rome, 1743?)
These Engravings show a) the system devised by Boscovich to repair the dome of St. Peter's, and b) one of the many optical instruments he invented.
A philosophical amusement upon the language of beasts... (Dublin, 1739)
A translation of the author's Amusements philosophique sur le langage des bestes . This light-hearted refutation of Descarte's opinions regarding communication among animals eventually landed the author in prison.
Was 
The electrical phenomena, with corollarj deducted from them, and the sources of what makes the search for the principle malagevole Electric ... (Parma, 1749)
Journal de Trévoux ou Mémoires pour Servir à l'histoire des sciences et des arts. (Trévoux, Lyon or Paris, 1701-1767; reprinted Geneva, 1968)
This monthly journal review of the arts, sciences and letters was established by Jesuits Jacques Philippe Lallemant and Michel Le Tellier in 1701. At first, the concentration was on abstracts and reviews of current books, but gradually it broadened its scope until by the middle of the century the Journal de Trévoux included evaluations of the major intellectual themes of the age. Although often considered merely as the mouthpiece of the Church against the French philosophes, the journal provided a forum for much valid original scientific research by jesuits and others. The engraving illustrates a total eclipse of the sun observed by Jesuit astronomers at Avignon in May, 1706.
After a period of decline in the late seventeenth century, the first decades of the eighteenth century saw a renewed interest and vitality on the part of the Society in the area of scientific research. Spurred by the vigorous intellectual climate of the Enlightenment, scientific writings by members of the Society increase in number and begin to show a marked tendency away from traditional Aristotelian topics and the quasi-mystical theories of Kircher and his school, and toward the developing sciences of engineering, natural history and technology.
Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich, 1711-1787
As Athanasius Kircher dominated seventeenth-century Jesuit science, Ruggiero Giusseppe Boscovich was pre-eminent among Jesuit scientists of the eighteenth century. But whereas Kircher's books are regarded today as primarily curiosities, the work of Boscovich in astronomy, optics, mathematics and engineering remains in high repute. Born in Ragusa, he was a professor of mathematics at several institutions, including the Roman College, where he planned the observatory. He suggested and directed the draining of the Pontine marshes near Rome, and recommended the use of iron bands to control the spread of cracks in the dome of St. Peter's basilica. He was instrumental in softening ecclesiastical hostility to the Copernican system, and helped popularize the theories of Newton.
Parere di tre mattematici sopra i danni, che si sono trovati nella Dome de S. Peter MDCCXLII the end of the year, on the orders of our Lord Pope Benedict XIV. (Rome, 1743?)
These Engravings show a) the system devised by Boscovich to repair the dome of St. Peter's, and b) one of the many optical instruments he invented.
 |  |
| Dome of St. Peters | Optical Device |
Guillame-Hyacinthe Bougeant, 1690-1743
A philosophical amusement upon the language of beasts... (Dublin, 1739)
A translation of the author's Amusements philosophique sur le langage des bestes . This light-hearted refutation of Descarte's opinions regarding communication among animals eventually landed the author in prison.
Jacopo Belgrado, 1704-1789
Was
Belgrade court mathematician to Duke and confessor Philoppo at Parma, Where He Also Established an observatory. He wrote Widely on heat, and the still geometry Relatively Unexplored Phenomenon of electricity.
Journal de Trévoux ou Mémoires pour Servir à l'histoire des sciences et des arts. (Trévoux, Lyon or Paris, 1701-1767; reprinted Geneva, 1968)
This monthly journal review of the arts, sciences and letters was established by Jesuits Jacques Philippe Lallemant and Michel Le Tellier in 1701. At first, the concentration was on abstracts and reviews of current books, but gradually it broadened its scope until by the middle of the century the Journal de Trévoux included evaluations of the major intellectual themes of the age. Although often considered merely as the mouthpiece of the Church against the French philosophes, the journal provided a forum for much valid original scientific research by jesuits and others. The engraving illustrates a total eclipse of the sun observed by Jesuit astronomers at Avignon in May, 1706.
Shortside Bullies Kennel
The 35 Lunar Craters Named to honor Jesuit Scientists
When astronauts in our lunar orbiter described the rough terrain beneath them they had to use Jesuit names. That Jesuit lun-nautics had preceded them was evident from the fact that 35 lunar craters had been named to honor Jesuits; and some of these craters are large enough to be seen from earth by naked (but sharp) eye. In fact at some time or other at least 40 Jesuit names were used and some are clusters of craters e.g. Cysat A,B,C,D; so there were even more than 40 craters named for Jesuits. Who are these men, and what did they do to merit this honor?
Visit the Jesuit Resource Page for even more links to things Jesuit.
It would be a mistake to think that the Jesuit names are on selenographs only because other Jesuits put them there. Rather it was a convergence of astronomers' opinions over three centuries: map makers before and after Riccioli confirmed the decisions again and again that these 40 men deserved this honor. This is not surprising. Recent histories emphasize the enormous influence Jesuits had not only on mathematics but on the other developing sciences such as astronomy. Historians of science always listed a surprisingly large number of Jesuits among the greatest scientists and mathematicians of all time. They were at the cutting edge of the sciences. For instance, by the time of the suppression in 1773, of the world's 130 astronomy observatories, 30 were operated by Jesuits. Furthermore Jesuit names are still being added to the list by the I. A. U.
* Not found in (NASM) catalog but is in the1960 Wilkins Moon Map
The map and charts are taken from page 74 of Jesuit Geometers by Joseph MacDonnell, SJ of Fairfield University. This book Concerns the impact the 56 Most prominent pre-Suppression Jesuit geometers HAD on the development of mathematics and science. It is Jointly published by the Publications of the Vatican Observatory and The Institute of Jesuit Sources . 
Introduction
When astronauts in our lunar orbiter described the rough terrain beneath them they had to use Jesuit names. That Jesuit lun-nautics had preceded them was evident from the fact that 35 lunar craters had been named to honor Jesuits; and some of these craters are large enough to be seen from earth by naked (but sharp) eye. In fact at some time or other at least 40 Jesuit names were used and some are clusters of craters e.g. Cysat A,B,C,D; so there were even more than 40 craters named for Jesuits. Who are these men, and what did they do to merit this honor?
Visit the Jesuit Resource Page for even more links to things Jesuit.
Selenographs
At the entrance to the Smithsonian's Moon exhibit is a large copy of one of the earliest (1651) selenographs. This map taken from a Jesuit book Almagestum novum was composed by the Jesuit astronomers Riccioli and Grimaldi and across the top is written: "Neither do men inhabit the moon nor do souls migrate there". It is the best known of all selenographs and has been used by most scholars for lunar nomenclature for three centuries. During these centuries astronomers took turns naming and renaming craters which resulted in conflicting lunar maps. In 1922 the International Astronomical Union (I A U) was formed, and eventually eliminated these conflicts and codified all lunar objects: 35 of the 40 Jesuit names survived to be listed in the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) catalog which identifies about 1600 points on the moon's surface.It would be a mistake to think that the Jesuit names are on selenographs only because other Jesuits put them there. Rather it was a convergence of astronomers' opinions over three centuries: map makers before and after Riccioli confirmed the decisions again and again that these 40 men deserved this honor. This is not surprising. Recent histories emphasize the enormous influence Jesuits had not only on mathematics but on the other developing sciences such as astronomy. Historians of science always listed a surprisingly large number of Jesuits among the greatest scientists and mathematicians of all time. They were at the cutting edge of the sciences. For instance, by the time of the suppression in 1773, of the world's 130 astronomy observatories, 30 were operated by Jesuits. Furthermore Jesuit names are still being added to the list by the I. A. U.
The Selenograph of Riccioli and Grimaldi showing many of the Jesuit craters
The locations of 35 lunar craters named after Jesuits. Since 1645 selenographers had named at least 40 craters to honor Jesuits, but 5 have been renamed since then. Some of the craters ( arrow ) are on the far side of the moon. When looking at the moon these craters can be located by eye when noting their position relative to the large Copernicus ( O ) crater with the distinctive "crater steaks" radiating from it like the stem of an orange.
At the entrance to the Smithsonian's Moon exhibit is a large copy of one of the earliest and best known selenographs shown above. This map was composed by the Jesuit astronomers Riccioli and Grimaldi and across the top is written: "Neither do men inhabit the moon nor do souls migrate there". In 1922 the International Astronomical Union ( I. A. U. ) codified all lunar objects: 35 of the 40 Jesuit names survived to be listed in the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) catalog. This is not surprising because of the impact Jesuits had on astronomy. For instance, by the year 1773, 30 of the world's 130 astronomy observatories were operated by Jesuits. Furthermore Jesuit names are still being added to the list by the I. A. U.
Sources of the charts below
In the chart below I list the 35 Jesuit names as they are spelled in the NASM and Wilkins maps, along with the locations and diameters of the craters. I then put corresponding numbers on a lunar map to locate approximately these 35 craters. Some of the names on on the far side of the moon which we never see from earth because of the strange fact that the moon's spin on its own axis exactly matches one revolution around the earth. I could not find all the data on each of the men but more information can be found in the writings of the Belgian Jesuit Omar Van Der Vyver, former superior at the Specola Vaticana.
The Men
These men all taught and wrote books on astronomy, physics and mathematics. Many of the books they wrote are still extant. During the first two centuries of Jesuit history there were 631 Jesuit authors of geometry books alone! Some of these authors wrote many books: Kircher 39, Boscovich 151 - huge books bigger than lectionaries. Some of these men are much better remembered today than others.
Roger Boscovich developed the first coherent description of an atomic theory which is one of the great attempts to explain the universe in a single idea. His influence on modern atomic physics is undoubted and his many works are kept as the Boscovich Archives in the Bancroft library of rare books at Berkeley. He lived in a time when when mathematicians were expected to fix things so he was commissioned by popes and emperors to do such jobs as repair the fissures in cathedral domes and survey meridians of the Papal states. The Jesuit General Laurence Ricci made Boscovich a Visitor for the whole Society and it was Boscovich's influence that minimized the hostility of Catholic churchmen to the Copernican system. He did not suffer fools gladly so when shown the treasures of the Jesuit school at Sens which included a rib of the prophet Isaiah, he told the rector to throw it away in the interest of truth. After the Suppression of the Jesuits, Boscovich became a captain in the French navy and was able to travel through France using a salvus conductus given him by Louis XV.
A NASA picture of the moon
Christopher Clavius was the most influential teacher of the Renaissance and numbered among his admirers Viete, Kepler and Galileo. It was Clavius' support for the heliocentric theory that was the predominant influence making it acceptable among the learned. Clavius encouraged a number of mathematical developments: the decimal point, parenthesis, use of logarithms and the vernier scale. It was Clavius who replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar.
Later mathematicians such as Leibniz became interested in mathematics by reading his works. His Geometry book became the standard text in the 16th and l7th Century European schools and led to his being called the "Euclid of the l6th Century".
Francesco Grimaldi discovered diffraction and anticipated the invention of the diffraction grating. He was one of the earliest physicists to suggest that light was wave-like in nature. and he formulated a geometrical basis for a wave theory of light. His treatise attracted Isaac Newton to the study of optics.
Christopher Grienberger , Clavius' successor, verified Galileo's discovery of the four moons of Jupiter, then later in 1611 he organized a convocation honoring Galileo. At this gathering of cardinals, princes and scholars, the students of Clavius and Grienberger expounded Galileo's discoveries to the delight of Galileo. He said that if Galileo had heeded the advice of the Jesuits and proposed his teachings as hypotheses, he could have written on any subject he wished, including the rotation of the earth.
A NASA picture of the Earth
Maximilian Hell was director of the astronomy observatory in Vienna. After the Suppression of the Jesuits he continued working there as director, along with other members of the Society. He fell victim to the public defamation of Jesuits then in vogue when he was accused of altering his findings during a transit of Venus. His name was not cleared until a century later when in 1883 the famous astronomer Simon Newcomb found his readings to be correct, and his scholarship above suspicion.
Athanasius Kircher with his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, harmonics, acoustics, chemistry, microscopy and medicine played a significant part in the early scientific revolution. His Kircher Museum was considered one of the best science museums in the world. His discoveries include sea phosphorescence, microscopically small living organisms and the causes of transfer of epidemic diseases. It was in facilitating a wide diffusion of knowledge by his vast collections of scientific information, that Kircher deserves a place among the fathers of modern science, and the titles of "universal genius and master of a hundred arts".
Matteo Ricci made western developments in mathematics available to the Chinese and published in 1584 the first maps of China available to the west. For the first time the Chinese had an idea of the distribution of oceans and land masses. He introduced trigonometric and astronomical instruments and translated the first six books of Euclid into Chinese. He is remembered for his Chinese works on religious and moral topics as well as works on scientific topics. The Encyclopedia Britannica reports: "Probably no European name of past centuries is so well known in China as that of Li-ma-teu (Ricci Matteo)."
Christopher Scheiner discovered sunspots independently of Galileo but erroneously thought they were small planets. He explained the elliptical form of the sun near the horizon as the effect of refraction. He showed that the retina is the seat of vision. His invention for magnifying maps, the pantograph, can still be purchased in stationary stores. He gave one of his telescopes to the archduke of Tyrol who was more interested in the scenery than in stars and complained that the image was inverted. Scheiner inserted another lens to invert the image again and so created one of the first terrestrial telescopes.
Andre Tacquet was a brilliant mathematician of international repute whose books were frequently reprinted and translated. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London refer to his Opera mathematica as "one of the best books ever written in mathematics". His use of the method of exhaustion pointed the way to the limit process and helped prepare for the discovery of calculus.
Nicolas Zucchi was held in such great esteem he was sent as a papal legate to the court of the Emperor Ferdinand II in part because of his invention of the reflecting telescope. In Zucchi's time this creative ability was expected of Jesuits whereas today educated people are surprised at the accomplishments of past Jesuits because we Jesuits are reluctant to engage in what seems to be unabashed triumphalism. It is simply considered bad form: so our students and fellow faculty members are kept in the dark about an important facet of Jesuit Tradition.
Two charts of the craters named to honor Jesuits:
One is taken from the National Air and Space Museum ( N A S M ) catalog, the other from Carl Sommervogel, S.J. Recently the International Astronomical Union (I A U) codified lunar nomenclature eliminating conflicts: 5 Jesuit names were deleted, bringing the present number to 35. There may have been other Jesuit names in the past and there will certainly be more Jesuit names in the future.
| name/ nationality | born time/city | died time/city | field |
| | | | |
| Mario Bettini (Italian) | 1582 in Bologna | 1657 in Bologna | math/astr |
| Jacques de Billy (French) | 1602 in Compiegne | 1679 in Dijon | math/phys |
| Giuseppe Biancani (Italian) | 1566 in Bologne | 1624 in Parme | math/astr |
| Roger J Boscovich (Croatian) | 1711 in Ragusa | 1787 in Milan | math/phys |
| Nicolas Cabei (Italian) | 1586 in Ferrare | 1650 in Genes | phys/astr |
| Christopher Clavius (German) | 1538 in Bamberg | 1612 in Rome | math/phys |
| Jean-Baptiste Cysat (Swiss) | 1588 in Lucerne | 1657 in Lucerne | math/phys |
| Francois de Vico (French) | 1805 in Macerata | 1848 in London | astr |
| Gyula Fenyi (Hungarian) | 1845 | 1927 | astr |
| George Fournier (French) | 1595 in Caen | 1652 in laFleche | math |
| Francesco Grimaldi (Italian) | 1613 in Bologna | 1663 in Bolognia | phys |
| Chris. Grienberger (Swiss) | 1564 in Tyrol | 1636 in Rome | astr |
| Johann Hagen (Austrian) | 1847 in Bregenz | 1930 in Rome | astr |
| Maximilian Hell (Hungarian) | 1720 in Schemnitz | 1792 in Vienna | phys/astr |
| Athanasius Kircher (German) | 1602 in Geisa | 1680 in Rome | science |
| Francis X Kugler (German) | 1862 in Konigsburg | 1929 in Lucern | hist/math |
| Charles Malapert (French) | 1580 in Mons | 1630 in Victoria | math/philos |
| Christian Mayer (German) | 1719 | 1783 | astr/math |
| Paul McNally (American) | 1890 | 1955 | astr |
| Theodore Moretus (Belgian) | 1601 in Antwerp | 1667 in Breslau | math |
| Denis Petau (French) | 1583 in Orleans | 1652 in Paris | hist/astr |
| Jean-Bap. Riccioli (Italian) | 1598 in Ferrara | 1671in Bologna | selenograph |
| Matteo Ricci (Italian) | 1552 in Mavrata | 1610 in Peking | math/geog |
| Rodes* (Hungarian) | 1881 | 1939 | astr |
| Romana* (English) | | astr | |
| Christophe Scheiner (German) | 1575 in Wald | 1650 in Neiss | math/phys |
| George Schomberger (German) | 1597 in Innsbruck | 1645 in Hradisch | math/astr |
| Ange Secchi (Italian) | 1818 in Reggio | 1878 in Rome | astrophys |
| Hughues Semple (Scottish) | 1596 in Ecosse | 1654 in Madrid | math |
| Gerolamo Sirsalis (Italian) | 1584 | 1654 | selenography |
| Andre Tacquet (Belgian) | 1612 in Antwerp | 1660 in Antwerp | math |
| Adam Tannerus (Austrian) | 1572 in Innsbruck | 1632 in Tyrol | math/theol |
| Nicolas Zucchi (Italian) | 1586 in Parmo | 1670 in Rome | math/astr |
| Jean-Baptiste Zupi (Italian) | 1590 in Catanzaro | 1650 in Naples | astr |
| Johan Stein (Dutch) | 1871 in Grave | 1951 in Rome | astr/phy |
| | | | |
| Andre Arzet (French) | 1604 in Constance | 1675 in Constance | |
| Daniello Bartoli (Italian) | 1608 in Ferrara | 1685 in Rome | |
| Jean Derienes (French) | 1591 in Dieppe | 1662 la Fleche | |
| Rivas | | | |
| Tibor | | | |
| |
| NASM name | latitude | longitude | diameter | |
| | ||||
| Bettinus | 63.4s | 315.2e | 71.4 km | |
| Billy | 13.8s | 309.9e | 45.7 km | |
| Blancanus | 63.6s | 338.5e | 105.3 km | |
| Boscovich | 9.8n | 11.1e | 46.0 km | |
| Cabaeus | 84.9s | 324.5e | 98.4 km | |
| Clavius | 58.4s | 345.6e | 225.0 km | |
| Cysatus | 66.2s | 353.9e | 48.8 km | |
| De Vico | 19.7s | 299.8e | 20.3 km | |
| Fenyi | 44.9s | 254.9e | 39.0 km | |
| Furnerius | 36.3s | 60.4e | 125.2 km | |
| Grimaldi | 5.2s | 291.4e | 410.0 km | |
| Gruemberger | 66.9s | 350.0e | 93.6 km | |
| Hagen | 48.3s | 135.1e | 55.5 km | |
| Hell | 32.4s | 352.2e | 33.3 km | |
| Kircher | 67.1s | 314.7e | 72.5 km | |
| Balls | 53.8s | 103.7e | 65.8 km | |
| Malapert | 84.9s | 12.9e | 69.0 km | |
| Mayer | 63.2n 17.3e | 38.0 km | ||
| McNally | 22.6n 232.8e | 47.5 km | ||
| Moretus | 70.6s | 354.5e | 114.4 km | |
| Petavius \u200b\u200b | 25.3 60.4e 176.6 km | |||
| Riccioli | 3.0s 285.7e 145.5 km | |||
| Riccius | 26.5e 36.9 70.6 | |||
| km * Rhodes | 23.0n 283.0e | |||
| Roman * | 21.0 33.0e 33.6 km | |||
| Scheiner | 60.5 | 332.2e | 110.4 km | |
| Schomberger | 76.7s 24.9e | 85.0 km | ||
| Secchi | 2.4n 43.5e | 22.7 km | ||
| Simpelius | 73.0s | 15.2e 70.4 km | ||
| SIRSALIS | 12.5s 299.6e | 42.0 km | ||
| Stein | 7.2n 179.0e | 33.7 km | ||
| Tacquet | 16.6n | 19.2e | 6.6 km | |
| Tannerus | 56.4s | 22.0e | 28.6 km | |
| Zucchius | 61.4s | 309.7e | 64.2 km | |
| Zupus | 17.2s | 307.7e | 38.0 km | |
| |
* Not found in (NASM) catalog but is in the1960 Wilkins Moon Map
The map and charts are taken from page 74 of Jesuit Geometers by Joseph MacDonnell, SJ of Fairfield University. This book Concerns the impact the 56 Most prominent pre-Suppression Jesuit geometers HAD on the development of mathematics and science. It is Jointly published by the Publications of the Vatican Observatory and The Institute of Jesuit Sources .
Gestational Diabetes Sample Menu
Just call on Russia to greater transparency on military operations Stefano Magni
"No more late news," promises the Minister of Defense Ignazio La Russa during a press conference convened to return from his visit to Afghanistan . For days we have not known how he died the Alpine Matteo Miotto. Only after waiting too long we have learned that our military had fallen during a fight.
It reopens the debate on the transparency of our military intervention in the ISAF mission. It will seem to many a paradox, but it is a center-right government and not the "democratic" left to promote it. When he was Prodi government, we knew little or nothing about Afghanistan. Only a few independent journalist, as Fausto Biloslavo (for Panorama), Henry Piovesana (for PeaceReporter ) and Gianandrea Gaiani (for Defence Analysis ) in 2007 and 2008 about the events on the field, documenting the battles fought by our contingent. For the rest: silence. As if in Afghanistan there was a war. On the misinterpretation of Article 11 of the Constitution, which the left requires an absolute non-violence. While, if read correctly, prevents us from conducting offensive war, or resolve with weapons "international disputes" but does not prevent us not to defend the government in Kabul as part of an international mission approved by the UN. Italy rejects the idea that all wars draws a veil of hypocrisy that is at odds with our missions abroad. If we fight for self-defense, it should not be mean. If an Italian soldier died doing his duty, he must disguise his death as an accident. Not honoring the dead, nor the soldiers who continue to fight.
In another mission initiated by the will of the government of the left, the Unifil2 in Lebanon, we know even less. Fortunately not fought in Lebanon since 2006, but the situation remains tense and at least two occasions (in 2007 and 2008) has threatened to erupt again. Our troops and those of other European contingents were involved in an accident several times with the population, with Hezbollah and the Lebanese army. But we know something of these events almost always late, and only thanks to the Israeli press. For example, we learned only indirectly to the recent outbreak of an arms depot in southern Lebanon, leading to clashes between UN peacekeepers and the population Local. As we read in the newspapers of the Israeli Italian UNIFIL patrol disarmed Hezbollah, moments of tension with the Party of God militia
We know very little, although there are fewer suggestions for interesting news, but two other fronts where We are heavily involved: Kosovo and Bosnia. Only a few are interested in the development (and ethnic tensions remained, in some cases increased, as in Kosovo) in two regions of the Balkans where they fought hard until 10 years ago.
short, in Italy we have not yet developed a culture of information war. Reporters at the front there, lacking the "embedded" with all the loro esperienza di reporter che seguono l'esercito, giorno dopo giorno. Manca un interesse, negli editori, prima ancora che nell'opinione pubblica, a documentare sistematicamente le azioni dei nostri soldati. Salvo, poi, non lesinare la retorica quando qualcuno di loro muore facendo il suo dovere. L'invito a cambiar registro non dovrebbe venire da un ministro. Ma dalla stampa, dai media, dalle stesse forze armate. Però, in mancanza di altri stimoli, ben venga un ministro della Difesa che invita ad essere più trasparenti.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)